In this article, the authors argue that culturally relevant instruction coupled with teaching for social justice can motivate marginalized students to learn mathematics. The goals of this conceptual article are threefold: (a) to explore the theoretical frameworks underlying culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) and social justice pedagogy (SJP), (b) to present illustrative cases of mathematics teaching that reveal the possibilities and challenges associated with these pedagogical approaches, and (c) to offer to the field of teacher education recommendations related to the successful use of CRP and SJP within today’s classrooms.